WASHINGTON — Inflation rose last month as the price of gas, groceries and airfare jumped while new data showed applications for unemployment aid soared, putting the Federal Reserve in an increasingly tough spot as it prepares to cut rates at its meeting next week despite persistent price pressures.
Consumer prices increased 2.9% in August from a year earlier, the Labor Department said Thursday, up from 2.7% the previous month and the biggest jump since January. Excluding the volatile food and energy categories, core prices rose 3.1%, the same as in July. Both figures are above the Federal Reserve’s 2% target.
Inflation in New England outpaced the rest of the country by less than 1 percentage point, according to regional data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer prices rose 3.7% in August compared to the same month last year. From July, it was about a 0.6% increase.
Overall, from January to July of this year, prices in New England were up about 3.4% compared to the first half of 2024.
Beyond measuring inflation, the consumer price index determines the allowable rent increase in Portland under the city’s rent control ordinance. Rent hikes in town are capped at 70% of the annual consumer price index change for the Greater Boston Metro Area. That means increases will be capped at 2.2% in 2026, down slightly from this year’s 2.5%.
Maine’s minimum wage will increase from $14.65 to $15.10 on Jan. 1, the state Department of Labor announced Thursday following the release of the inflation data. That figure is also pegged to the federal cost-of-living index and must grow at the same rate (rounded to the nearest 5 cents).
While rent in the city and pay statewide are both tied to changes in inflation, the minimum wage hinges on price changes experienced only by hourly workers, excluding salaried managers and people who don’t work.
A separate government report Thursday showed that weekly applications for unemployment aid jumped 27,000 to 263,000, the highest in nearly four years. Requests for jobless benefits are a proxy for layoffs. Recent reports have also shown that hiring has weakened dramatically this year and was lower than previously estimated last year.
The data raises the specter of “stagflation,” a trend that last bedeviled the U.S. economy in the 1970s. The term refers to a period of slower growth, higher unemployment along with rising prices. It is unusual because a weak economy typically keeps inflation in check.
HEADACHES FOR FED
Such a scenario could create major headaches for the Fed as it prepares for a meeting next week, when policymakers are widely expected to cut their short-term rate to about 4.1% from 4.3%. The Fed is under relentless pressure from President Donald Trump to cut rates. At the same time, stubborn inflation during a weakening job market is difficult for the central bank because they are diverging trends that require polar reactions from Fed policymakers to address.
Typically, the Fed would cut its key rate when unemployment rises to spur more spending and growth. Yet it would do the opposite and raise rates — or at least keep them unchanged — in the face of rising inflation.
Last month, Chair Jerome Powell signaled that Fed officials are increasingly concerned about weaker hiring, setting the stage for a rate cut next week. Wall Street investors think there is an 85% chance the Fed will cut twice more after that, according to futures pricing tracked by CME Fedwatch.
“Consumer inflation came in mildly hotter than forecast, but not nearly high enough to prevent the Fed from starting to cut rates next week,” said Kathy Bostjancic, chief economist for Nationwide. “The labor market is losing steam and reinforces that the Fed needs to start cutting rates next week and that it will be the start of a series of rate reductions.”
Where inflation heads next is a key question for the Fed. While Thursday’s report showed inflation picked up, data released Wednesday suggested prices at the wholesale level are cooling. Economists also noted that a separate measure of inflation that the Fed prefers, which will be released in about two weeks, should come in lower than Thursday’s figures and paint a more benign picture of prices.
On a monthly basis, overall inflation accelerated, rising 0.4% from July to August, faster than the 0.2% pace the previous month. Core prices rose 0.3% for the second straight month.
Many economists and some key members of the Fed think that the current pickup in inflation reflects one-time increases from Trump’s sweeping tariffs and won’t lead to a lasting inflationary trend. They argue that a weaker job market will hold down wages and force companies to keep prices in check.
Subadra Rajappa, head of research at Societe Generale, said that while inflation was elevated last month, there were also signs that the cost of services moderated, suggesting that outside of tariffs, prices are cooling.
‘VERY UNUSUAL SPOT’
Yet Joe Brusuelas, chief economist at RSM, a tax and consulting firm, says that higher-income households are still spending sufficiently to push some prices higher, such as hotel and airfare costs, which leapt last month. Such spending could keep inflation stubbornly high even in a weak job market, he said.
“The Fed’s getting ready to cut into a sustained increase in prices,” he said. “Very unusual spot. … We can see tariff-induced inflation in a slow, steady and methodical manner.”
Goods prices picked up last month, a sign Trump’s sweeping tariffs are pushing up costs. Gas prices jumped 1.9% just from July to August, the biggest monthly increase since a 4% rise in December. Grocery prices climbed 0.6%, pushed higher by more expensive tomatoes, apples and beef. Rental costs also increased, rising 0.4%, faster than the previous month.
Clothing costs rose 0.5% just last month, though they are still just slightly more expensive than a year ago. Furniture costs rose 0.3% and are 4.7% higher than a year earlier.
Some restaurant owners have boosted prices to offset the rising costs of food. Cheetie Kumar, who owns Mediterranean eatery Ajja in Raleigh, North Carolina, said she’s facing higher costs on everything ranging from spices she imports from India, coffee and chocolate she gets from Brazil, and soy she gets from Canada.
“Those are things that I cannot source locally, we do source a lot of produce and meat and everything else from local farmers, but I don’t know any nutmeg growers in North Carolina,” she said.
Her overall costs are up about 10% from a year ago, with beef costs up 7%, and much bigger increases for things like coffee, chocolate (300%) and spices (100%).
She’s raised prices on some of her menu items by $1 or $2, but said she’s at the limit of how much she can do so before demand wanes and she stops earning a profit.
Bigger companies are also feeling the pinch.
E.L.F. Cosmetics said this spring that it was raising prices by $1. Last month, however, CFO Mandy Fields said it is no longer certain whether the $1 price increases will be enough to offset rising tariff costs.
Shoppers have yet to feel the big sting economists had predicted earlier in the year after many retailers ordered goods ahead of tariffs and who also have absorbed a big chunk of the costs rather then passing them along to consumers grown increasingly leery of price increases.
But Walmart and other big chains have warned of costs increases as they replenish their inventories, with the full impact of tariffs in effect.
AP Business Writer Anne D’Innocenzio contributed from New York. AP Business Writer Mae Anderson contributed from Nashville.
Press Herald Staff Writer Daniel Kool contributed reporting.
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